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旋翼机飞行手册 ROTORCRAFT FLYING HANDBOOK

时间:2011-04-05 11:32来源:蓝天飞行翻译 作者:航空 点击:

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APPROACH AND LANDING
If you need to climb to a pinnacle or ridgeline, do it on the upwind side, when practicable, to take advantage of any updrafts. The approach flight path should be parallel to the ridgeline and into the wind as much as possible. [Figure 10-9]
Load, altitude, wind conditions, and terrain features determine the angle to use in the final part of an approach. As a general rule, the greater the winds, the steeper the approach needs to be to avoid turbulent air and downdrafts. Groundspeed during the approach is more difficult to judge because visual references are farther away than during approaches over trees or flat terrain. If a crosswind exists, remain clear of downdrafts on the leeward or downwind side of the ridgeline. If the wind velocity makes the crosswind landing hazardous, you may be able to make a low, coordinated turn into the wind just prior to terminating the approach. When making an approach to a pinnacle, avoid leeward turbulence and keep the helicopter within reach of a forced landing area as long as possible. 

 
On landing, take advantage of the long axis of the area when wind conditions permit. Touchdown should be made in the forward portion of the area. Always perform a stability check, prior to reducing r.p.m., to ensure the landing gear is on firm terrain that can safely support the weight of the helicopter. 
 

TAKEOFF
A pinnacle takeoff is an airspeed over altitude maneuver made from the ground or from a hover. Since pinnacles and ridgelines are generally higher than the immediate surrounding terrain, gaining airspeed on the takeoff is more important than gaining altitude. The higher the airspeed, the more rapid the departure from slopes of the pinnacle. In addition to covering unfavorable terrain rapidly, a higher airspeed affords a more favorable glide angle and thus contributes to the chances of reaching a safe area in the event of a forced landing. If a suitable forced landing area is not available, a higher airspeed also permits a more effective flare prior to making an autorotative landing.
On takeoff, as the helicopter moves out of ground effect, maintain altitude and accelerate to normal climb airspeed. When normal climb speed is attained, establish a normal climb attitude. Never dive the helicopter down the slope after clearing the pinnacle.
 
 

COMMON ERRORS
1 Failure to perform, or improper performance of, a high or low reconnaissance.
2 Flying the approach angle at too steep or too shallow an approach for the existing conditions.
3 Failure to maintain proper r.p.m.
4 Failure to consider emergency landing areas.
5 Failure to consider how wind and turbulence could affect the approach and takeoff.

Airspeed over Altitude—This means that in this maneuver, obstacles are not a factor, and it is more important to gain airspeed than altitude.
 

10-10

 

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