旋翼机飞行手册 ROTORCRAFT FLYING HANDBOOK

时间：2011-04-05 11:32来源：蓝天飞行翻译 作者：航空 点击：次

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When flying a helicopter near obstructions, always consider the tail rotor. A safe angle of descent over barriers must be established to ensure tail rotor clearance of all obstructions. After coming to a hover, take care to avoid turning the tail into obstructions.
TAKEOFF
A confined area takeoff is considered an altitude over airspeed maneuver. Before takeoff, make a ground reconnaissance to determine the type of takeoff to be performed, to determine the point from which the takeoff should be initiated to ensure the maximum amount of available area, and finally, how to best maneuver the helicopter from the landing point to the proposed takeoff position.
If wind conditions and available area permit, the helicopter should be brought to a hover, turned around, and hovered forward from the landing position to the takeoff position. Under certain conditions, sideward flight to the takeoff position may be necessary. If rearward
Altitude over Airspeed—In this type of maneuver, it is more important to gain altitude than airspeed. However, unless operational considerations dictate otherwise, the crosshatched or shaded areas of the height/velocity diagram should be avoided.
flight is required to reach the takeoff position, place reference markers in front of the helicopter in such a way that a ground track can be safely followed to the takeoff position. In addition, the takeoff marker should be located so that it can be seen without hovering beyond it.
When planning the takeoff, consider the direction of the wind, obstructions, and forced landing areas. To help you fly up and over an obstacle, you should form an imaginary line from a point on the leading edge of the helicopter to the highest obstacle to be cleared. Fly this line of ascent with enough power to clear the obstacle by a safe distance. After clearing the obstacle, maintain the power setting and accelerate to the normal climb speed. Then, reduce power to the normal climb power setting.
COMMON ERRORS
1 Failure to perform, or improper performance of, a high or low reconnaissance.
2 Flying the approach angle at too steep or too shallow an approach for the existing conditions.
3 Failing to maintain proper r.p.m.
4 Failure to consider emergency landing areas.
5 Failure to select a specific landing spot.
6 Failure to consider how wind and turbulence could affect the approach.
7 Improper takeoff and climb technique for existing conditions.

PINNACLE AND RIDGELINE OPERATIONS
A pinnacle is an area from which the surface drops away steeply on all sides. A ridgeline is a long area from which the surface drops away steeply on one or two sides, such as a bluff or precipice. The absence of obstacles does not necessarily lessen the difficulty of pinnacle or ridgeline operations. Updrafts, downdrafts, and turbulence, together with unsuitable terrain in which to make a forced landing, may still present extreme hazards.

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