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旋翼机飞行手册 ROTORCRAFT FLYING HANDBOOK

时间:2011-04-05 11:32来源:蓝天飞行翻译 作者:航空 点击:

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5 Low r.p.m. in transition to the hover at the end of the approach.
6 Using too much aft cyclic close to the surface, which may result in tail rotor strikes.
 

NORMAL APPROACH TO THE SURFACE
A normal approach to the surface or a no-hover landing is used if loose snow or dusty surface conditions exist. These situations could cause severely restricted visibility, or the engine could possibly ingest debris when the helicopter comes to a hover. The approach is the same as the normal approach to a hover; however, instead of terminating at a hover, continue the approach to touchdown. Touchdown should occur with the skids level, zero groundspeed, and a rate of descent approaching zero.
TECHNIQUE:
As the helicopter nears the surface, increase the collective, as necessary, to cushion the landing on the surface, terminate in a skids-level attitude with no forward movement.
COMMON ERRORS
1 Terminating at a hover, then making a vertical landing.
2 Touching down with forward movement.
3 Approaching too slow, requiring the use of excessive power during the termination.
4 Approaching too fast, causing a hard landing.

CROSSWIND DURING APPROACHES
During a crosswind approach, you should crab into the wind. At approximately 50 feet of altitude, use a slip to align the fuselage with the ground track. The rotor is tilted into the wind with cyclic pressure so that the sideward movement of the helicopter and wind drift counteract each other. Maintain the heading and ground track with the antitorque pedals. This technique should be used on any type of crosswind approach, whether it is a shallow, normal, or steep approach.
GO-AROUND
A go-around is a procedure for remaining airborne after an intended landing is discontinued. A go-around may be necessary when:
  Instructed by the control tower.
  Traffic conflict occurs.

A good rule of thumb to use during an approach is to make a go-around if the helicopter is in a position from which it is not safe to continue the approach. Anytime you feel an approach is uncomfortable, incorrect, or potentially dangerous, abandon the approach. The decision to make a go-around should be positive and initiated before a critical situation develops. When the decision is made, carry it out without hesitation. In most cases, when you initiate the go-around, power is at a low setting. Therefore, your first response is to increase collective to takeoff power. This movement is coordinated with the throttle to maintain r.p.m., and the proper antitorque pedal to control heading. Then, establish a climb attitude and maintain climb speed to go around for another approach.
AFTER LANDING AND SECURING
When the flight is terminated, park the helicopter where it will not interfere with other aircraft and not be a hazard to people during shutdown. Rotor down-wash can cause damage to other aircraft in close proximity, and spectators may not realize the danger or see the rotors turning. Passengers should remain in the helicopter with their seats belts secured until the rotors have stopped turning. During the shutdown and postflight inspection, follow the manufacturer’s checklist. Any discrepancies found should be noted and, if necessary, reported to maintenance personnel.

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