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旋翼机飞行手册 ROTORCRAFT FLYING HANDBOOK

时间:2011-04-05 11:32来源:蓝天飞行翻译 作者:航空 点击:

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The collective should not be pulled suddenly to get airborne, as a large and abrupt rolling moment in the opposite direction could occur. Excessive application of collective can result in the upslope skid rising sufficiently to exceed lateral cyclic control limits. This movement may be uncontrollable. If the helicopter develops a roll rate with one skid/wheel on the ground, the helicopter can roll over on its side. 
 

PRECAUTIONS
The following lists several areas to help you avoid dynamic rollover.
1 Always practice hovering autorotations into the wind, but never when the wind is gusty or over 10 knots.
2 When hovering close to fences, sprinklers, bushes, runway/taxi lights, or other obstacles that could catch a skid, use extreme caution.
3 Always use a two-step liftoff. Pull in just enough collective pitch control to be light on the skids and feel for equilibrium, then gently lift the helicopter into the air.
4 When practicing hovering maneuvers close to the ground, make sure you hover high enough to have adequate skid clearance with any obstacles, especially when practicing sideways or rearward flight.
5 When the wind is coming from the upslope direction, less lateral cyclic control will be available.
6 Tailwind conditions should be avoided when conducting slope operations.
7 When the left skid/wheel is upslope, less lateral cyclic control is available due to the translating tendency of the tail rotor. (This is true for counter-rotating rotor systems)
8 If passengers or cargo are loaded or unloaded, the lateral cyclic requirement changes.
9 If the helicopter utilizes interconnecting fuel lines that allow fuel to automatically transfer from one side of the helicopter to the other, the gravitational flow of fuel to the downslope tank could change the center of gravity, resulting in a different amount of cyclic control application to obtain the same lateral result.
10 Do not allow the cyclic limits to be reached. If the cyclic control limit is reached, further lowering of the collective may cause mast bumping. If this occurs, return to a hover and select a landing point with a lesser degree of slope.
11 During a takeoff from a slope, if the upslope skid/wheel starts to leave the ground before the downslope skid/wheel, smoothly and gently

lower the collective and check to see if the downslope skid/wheel is caught on something. Under these conditions vertical ascent is the only acceptable method of liftoff.
 

12. During flight operations on a floating platform, if the platform is pitching/rolling while attempting to land or takeoff, the result could be dynamic rollover.
LOW G CONDITIONS AND MAST BUMPING
For cyclic control, small helicopters depend primarily on tilting the main rotor thrust vector to produce control moments about the aircraft center of gravity (CG), causing the helicopter to roll or pitch in the desired direction. Pushing the cyclic control forward abruptly from either straight-and-level flight or after a climb can put the helicopter into a low G (weightless) flight condition. In forward flight, when a push-over is performed, the angle of attack and thrust of the rotor is reduced, causing a low G or weightless flight condition. During the low G condition, the lateral cyclic has little, if any, effect because the rotor thrust has been reduced. Also, in a counter-clockwise rotor system (a clockwise system would be the reverse), there is no main rotor thrust component to the left to counteract the tail rotor thrust to the right, and since the tail rotor is above the CG, the tail rotor thrust causes the helicopter to roll rapidly to the right, If you attempt to stop the right roll by applying full left cyclic before regaining main rotor thrust, the rotor can exceed its flapping limits and cause structural failure of the rotor shaft due to mast bumping, or it may allow a blade to contact the airframe. [Figure 11-9]

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