旋翼机飞行手册 ROTORCRAFT FLYING HANDBOOK

时间：2011-04-05 11:32来源：蓝天飞行翻译 作者：航空 点击：次

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TURN INDICATORS
Turn indicators show the direction and the rate of turn. A standard rate turn is 3° per second, and at this rate you will complete a 360° turn in two minutes. A half-standard rate turn is 1.5° per second. Two types of indicators are used to display this information. The turn-and-slip indicator uses a needle to indicate direction and turn rate. When the needle is aligned with the white markings, called the turn index, you are in a standard rate turn. A half-standard rate turn is indicated when the needle is halfway between the indexes. The turn-and-slip indicator does not indicate roll rate. The turn coordinator is similar to the turn-and-slip indicator, but the gyro is canted, which allows it to sense roll rate in addition to rate of turn. The turn coordinator uses a miniature aircraft to indicate direction, as well as the turn and roll rate. [Figure 12-7]

Figure 12-7. The gyros in both the turn-and-slip indicator and the turn coordinator are mounted so that they rotate in a vertical plane. The gimbal in the turn coordinator is set at an angle, or canted, which means precession allows the gyro to sense both rate of roll and rate of turn. The gimbal in the turn-and-slip indicator is horizontal. In this case, precession allows the gyro to sense only rate of turn. When the needle or miniature aircraft is aligned with the turn index, you are in a standard-rate turn.
Another part of both the turn coordinator and the turn-and-slip indicator is the inclinometer. The position of the ball defines whether the turn is coordinated or not. The helicopter is either slipping or skidding anytime the ball is not centered, and usually requires an adjustment of the antitorque pedals or angle of bank to correct it. [Figure 12-8]

Figure 12-8. In a coordinated turn (instrument 1), the ball is centered. In a skid (instrument 2), the rate of turn is too great for the angle of bank, and the ball moves to the outside of the turn. Conversely, in a slip (instrument 3), the rate of turn is too small for the angle of bank, and the ball moves to the inside of the turn.
INSTRUMENT CHECK—During your preflight, check to see that the inclinometer is full of fluid and has no air bubbles. The ball should also be resting at its lowest point. Since almost all gyroscopic instruments installed in a helicopter are electrically driven, check to see that the power indicators are displaying off indications. Turn the master switch on and listen to the gyros spool up. There should be no abnormal sounds, such as a grinding sound, and the power out indicator flags should not be displayed. After engine start and before liftoff, set the direction indicator to the magnetic compass. During hover turns, check the heading indicator for proper operation and ensure that it has not precessed significantly. The turn indicator should also indicate a turn in the correct direction. During takeoff, check the attitude indicator for proper indication and recheck it during the first turn.

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