时间：2015-01-22 15:14来源：蓝天飞行翻译公司 作者：民航翻译 点击：次
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To view this page ensure that Adobe Flash Player version 9.0.124 or greater is installed. (338) Navigation of aircraft. A function which includes the piloting of aircraft (Law) (339) Navigation specification. A set of aircraft and flight crew requirements needed to support performance-based navigation operations within a defined airspace. There are two kinds of navigation specifications: (i) Required navigation performance (RNP) specification. A navigation specification based on area navigation that includes the requirement for performance monitoring and alerting, designated by the prefix RNP, e.g. RNP 4, RNP APCH. (ii) Area navigational (RNAV) specification. A navigation specification based on area navigation that does not include the requirement for performance monitoring and alerting, designated by the prefix RNAV, e.g. RNAV 5, RNAV 1. Note 1: The Performance-based Navigation (PBN) Manual (Doc 9613), Volume II, contains detailed guidance on navigation specifications. Note 2 - The term RNP, previously defined as “a statement of the navigation performance necessary for operation within a defined airspace”, has been removed from this Annex as the concept of RNP has been overtaken by the concept of PBM. The term RNP in this Annex is now solely used in the context of navigation specifications that require performance monitoring and alerting, e.g. RNP 4 refers to the aircraft and operating requirements, including a 4 NM lateral performance with on-board performance monitoring and alerting that are detailed in Doc 9613. (340) Night. The hours between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight or such other period between sunset and sunrise. Civil twilight ends in the evening when the centre of the sun's disc is 6 degrees below the horizon and begins in the morning when the centre of the sun's disc is 6 degrees below the horizon. (341) Obstacle clearance altitude (OCA) or obstacle clearance height (OCH). The lowest altitude or the lowest height above the elevation of the relevant runway threshold or the aerodrome elevation as applicable, using in establishing compliance with appropriate obstacle clearance criteria. (342) Note 1: Obstacle clearance altitude is referenced to mean sea level and obstacle clearance height is referenced to the threshold elevation or in the case of non-precision approach procedures to the aerodrome elevation or the threshold elevation if that is more than 2 m (7 ft) below the aerodrome elevation. An obstacle clearance height for a circling approach procedure is referenced to the aerodrome elevation. Note 2: For convenience when both expressions are used they may be written in the form “obstacle clearance altitude/height” and abbreviated “OCA/H.” (343) Obstruction clearance plane. A plane sloping upward from the runway at a slope of 1:20 to the horizontal, and tangent to or clearing all obstructions within a specified area surrounding the runway as shown in a profile view of that area. In the plane view, the centreline of the specified area coincides with the centreline of the runway, beginning at the point where the obstruction clearance plane intersects the centreline of the runway and proceeding to a point at least 450 m (1,500) feet from the beginning point. Thereafter, the centreline coincides with the takeoff path over the ground for the runway (in the case of takeoffs) or with the instrument approach counterpart (for landings), or where the applicable one of these paths has not been established, it proceeds consistent with turns of at least 1.2 km (4,000 foot) radius until a point is reached beyond which the obstruction clearance plane clears all obstructions. This area extends laterally 60 m (200 feet) on each side of the centreline at the point where the obstruction clearance plane intersects the runway and continues at this width to the end of the runway; then it increases uniformly to150 m (500 feet) on each side of the centreline at a point 450 m (1,500 feet) from the intersection of the obstruction clearance plane with the runway; thereafter, it extends laterally 150 m (500 feet) on each side of the centreline. 14 CFR: 121.171 (c) (344) Ornithopter. A heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by the reactions of the air on planes to which a flapping motion is imparted. (345) Operating base. The location from which operational control is exercised. Note: An operating base is normally the location where personnel involved in the operation of the aeroplane work and the records associated with the operation are located. An operating base has a degree of permanency beyond that of a regular point of call. (346) Operational control. The exercise of authority over the initiation, continuation, diversion or termination of a flight in the interest of the safety of the aircraft and the regularity and efficiency of the flight. (347) Operational flight plan. The operator's plan for the safe conduct of the flight based on considerations of aircraft performance, other operating limitations, and relevant expected conditions on the route to be followed and at the aerodromes or heliports concerned. (348) Operational personnel. Personnel involved in aviation activities who are in a position to report safety information. Note. Such personnel include, but are not limited to: flight crews; air traffic controllers; aeronautical station operators; maintenance technicians; personnel of aircraft design and manufacturing organisations; cabin crews; flight dispatchers; apron personnel; and, ground handling personnel. (349) Operations in performance Class 1. Helicopter operations in performance such that, in the event of critical engine failure, performance is available to enable the helicopter to safety continue the flight to an appropriate landing area, unless the failure occurs prior to reaching the take-off decision point (TDP) or after passing the landing decision point (LDP), in which cases the helicopter must be able to land within the rejected take-off or landing area. (350) Operations in performance Class 2. Helicopter operations in performance such that, in the event of critical engine failure, performance is available to enable the helicopter to safety continue the flight to an appropriate landing area, except when the failure occurs early during the take-off manoeuver or late in the landing manoeuver, in which case a forced landing may be required. (351) Operations in performance Class 3. Helicopter operations in performance such that, in the event of an engine failure at any time during the flight, a forced landing will be required. (352) Operations manual. A manual containing procedures, instructions and guidance for use by operational personnel in the execution of their duties. (353) Operations specifications. The authorisations, conditions and limitations associated with the air operator certificate and subject to the conditions in the operations manual. Note 1: The operations specifications are part of an operator’s certificate (air operator certificate, approved training organisation certificate, approved maintenance organisation certificate, etc.) that is used to administer safety standards and define the provisions and limitations within which the operator may conduct business operations. Operations specifications are issued by the Authority and considered a legal, contractual agreement between the Authority and the operator. (354) Operator. A person, organisation or enterprise engaged in or offering to engage in an aircraft operation (ICAO). Any person who causes or authorises the operation of an aircraft, such as the owner, lessee, or bailee of an aircraft. Note: In the context of remotely piloted aircraft, an aircraft operation includes the remotely piloted aircraft system. (355) Operator’s maintenance control manual. A document which describes the operator’s procedures necessary to ensure that all scheduled and unscheduled maintenance is performed on the operator’s aircraft on time and in a controlled and satisfactory manner. (356) Ornithopter. A heavier-than-air aircraft supported in flight chiefly by its buoyancy in the air. (357) Overhaul. The restoration of an aircraft/aeronautical product using methods, techniques, and practices acceptable to the Authority, including disassembly, cleaning, and inspection as permitted, repair as necessary, and reassembly; and tested in accordance with approved standards and technical data, or in accordance with current standards and technical data acceptable to the Authority, which have been developed and documented by the State of Design, holder of the type certificate, supplemental type certificate, or a material, part, process, or appliance approval under Parts Manufacturing Authorisation (PMA) or Technical Standard Order (TSO). (358) Overpack. An enclosure used by a single shipper to contain one or more packages and to form one handling unit for convenience of handling and stowage. (359) Package. The complete product of the packing operation consisting of the packaging and its contents prepared for transport. (360) Packaging. Receptacles and any other components or materials necessary for the receptacle to perform its containment. (361) Passenger aircraft. An aircraft that carries any person other than a crew member, an operator’s employee in an official capacity, an authorised representative of an appropriate national authority or a person accompanying a consignment or other cargo. (362) Passenger exit seats. Those seats having direct access to an exit, and those seats in a row of seats through which passengers would have to pass to gain access to an exit, from the first seat inboard of the exit to the first aisle inboard of the exit. A passenger seat having "direct access" means a seat from which a passenger can proceed directly to the exit without entering an aisle or passing around an obstruction. |
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