时间：2015-01-22 15:18来源：蓝天飞行翻译公司 作者：民航翻译 点击：次
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To view this page ensure that Adobe Flash Player version 9.0.124 or greater is installed. (4) Handle successfully and with relative ease the linguistic challenges presented by a complication or unexpected turn of events that occurs within the context of a routine work situation or communicative task with which they are otherwise familiar; and (5) Use a dialect or accent which is intelligible to the aeronautical community. (c) Rating scale: (1) Pre-elementary Level (Level 1): (i) Pronunciation: Performs at a level below the Elementary Level. (ii) Structure: Performs at a level below the Elementary Level. (iii) Vocabulary: Performs at a level below the Elementary Level. (iv) Fluency: Performs at a level below the Elementary Level. (v) Comprehension: Performs at a level below the Elementary Level. (vi) Interactions: Performs at a level below the Elementary Level. (2) Elementary Level (Level 2): (i) Pronunciation: Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and intonation are heavily influenced by the first language or regional variation and usually interfere with ease of understanding. (ii) Structure: Shows only limited control of a few simple memorised grammatical structures and sentence patterns. (iii) Vocabulary: Limited vocabulary range consisting only of isolated words and memorised phrases. (iv) Fluency: Can produce very short, isolated, memorised utterances with frequent pausing and a distracting use of fillers to search for expressions and to articulate less familiar words. (v) Comprehension: Comprehension is limited to isolated, memorised phrases when they are carefully and slowly articulated. (vi) Interactions: Response time is slow and often inappropriate. Interaction is limited to simple routine exchanges. (3) Pre-operational Level (Level 3): (i) Pronunciation: Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and intonation are influenced by the first language or regional variation and frequently interfere with ease of understanding. (ii) Structure: Basic grammatical structures and sentence patterns associated with predictable situations are not always well controlled. Errors frequently interfere with meaning. (iii) Vocabulary: Vocabulary range and accuracy are often sufficient to communicate on common, concrete, or work-related topics, but range is limited and the word choice often inappropriate. Is often unable to paraphrase successfully when lacking vocabulary. (iv) Fluency: Produces stretches of language, but phrasing and pausing are often inappropriate. Hesitations or slowness in language processing may prevent effective communication. Fillers are sometimes distracting. (v) Comprehension: Comprehension is often accurate on common, concrete, and work-related topics when the accent or variety used is sufficiently intelligible for an international community of users. May fail to understand a linguistic or situational complication or an unexpected turn of events. (vi) Interaction: Responses are sometimes immediate, appropriate, and informative. Can initiate and maintain exchanges with reasonable ease on familiar topics and in predictable situations. Generally inadequate when dealing with an unexpected turn of events. (4) Operational Level (Level 4): (i) Pronunciation: Pronunciation, stress, rhythm and intonation are influenced by the first language or regional variation but only sometimes interfere with understanding. (ii) Structure: Basic grammatical structures and sentence patterns are used creatively and are usually well controlled. Errors may occur, particularly in unusual or unexpected circumstances, but rarely interfere with meaning. (iii) Vocabulary: Vocabulary range and accuracy are usually sufficient to communicate effectively on common, concrete, and work related topics. Can often paraphrase successfully when lacking vocabulary in unusual or unexpected circumstances. (iv) Fluency: Produces stretches of language at an appropriate tempo. There may be occasional loss of fluency on transition from rehearsed or formulaic speech to spontaneous interaction, but this does not prevent effective communication. Can make limited use of discourse markers or connectors. Fillers are not distracting. (v) Comprehension: Comprehension is mostly accurate on common, concrete, and work related topics when the accent or variety used is sufficiently intelligible for an international community of users. When the speaker is confronted with a linguistic or situational complication or an unexpected turn of events, comprehension may be slower or require clarification strategies. (vi) Interactions: Responses are usually immediate, appropriate and informative. Initiates and maintains exchanges even when dealing with an unexpected turn of events. Deals adequately with apparent misunderstandings by checking, confirming or clarifying. (5) Extended Level (Level 5): (i) Pronunciation: Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and intonation, though influenced by the first language or regional variation, rarely interfere with ease of understanding. (ii) Structure: Basic grammatical structures and sentence patterns are consistently well controlled. Complex structures are attempted but with errors which sometimes interfere with meaning. (iii) Vocabulary: Vocabulary range and accuracy are sufficient to communicate effectively on common, concrete, and work related topics. Paraphrases consistently and successfully. Vocabulary is sometimes idiomatic. (iv) Fluency: Able to speak at length with relative ease on familiar topics, but may not vary speech flow as a stylistic device. Can make use of appropriate discourse markers or connectors. (v) Comprehension: Comprehension is accurate on common, concrete, and work related topics and mostly accurate when the speaker is confronted with a linguistic or situational complication or an unexpected turn of events. Is able to comprehend a range of speech varieties (dialect and/or accent) or registers. (vi) Interactions: Responses are immediate, appropriate, and informative. Managers the speaker/listener relationship effectively. (6) Expert Level (Level 6): (i) Pronunciation: Pronunciation, stress, rhythm, and intonation, thought possibly influenced by the first language or regional variation, almost never interfere with ease of understanding. (ii) Structure: Both basic and complex grammatical structures and sentence patterns are consistently well controlled. (iii) Vocabulary: Vocabulary range and accuracy are sufficient to communicate effectively on a wide variety of familiar and unfamiliar topics. Vocabulary is idiomatic, nuanced, and sensitive to register. (iv) Fluency: Able to speak at length with a natural, effortless flow. Varies speech flow for stylistic effect, e.g. to emphasise a point. Uses appropriate discourse markers and connectors spontaneously. (v) Comprehension: Comprehension is consistently accurate in nearly all contexts and includes comprehension of linguistic and cultural subtleties. (vi) Interactions: Interacts with ease in nearly all situations. Is sensitive to verbal and non-verbal cues, and responds to them appropriately. ICAO Annex 1: Appendix 1, Attachment 1 IS 2.2.3.1 CREDIT FOR MILITARY PILOTS (a) Requirements for a military pilot to meet the requirements of 2.2.3.1. (b) Military pilots on active flying status within the past 12 months. The holder of a military pilot licence (or certificate) who has been on active flying status within the 12 months before applying shall: (1) Pass a knowledge test on the appropriate parts of these regulations that apply to pilot privileges and limitations, air traffic and general operating rules, and accident reporting rules; (2) Present documentation showing compliance with the requirements of paragraph (c) of this subsection for at least one aircraft category rating; and (3) Present documentation showing that the applicant is or was, at any time during the 12 calendar months before the month of application the holder of a military pilot licence (or certificate) on active flying status in an armed force of [STATE]. (c) Aircraft category, class and type ratings. The Authority may issue to the holder of a military pilot licence (or certificate) an aircraft category, class or type rating to a commercial pilot licence if the pilot present documentary evidence that shows satisfactory accomplishment of: (1) A military pilot check and instrument proficiency check of [STATE] in that aircraft category, class or type, if applicable, as PIC during the 12 calendar months before the month of application; and (2) At least 10 hours of PIC time in that aircraft category, class or type, if applicable, during the 12 calendar months before the month of application. (d) Instrument rating. The holder of a military pilot licence (or certificate) may apply for an aeroplane or helicopter instrument rating to be added to his or her commercial pilot licence if the pilot has, within the 12 calendar months preceding the month of application: (1) Passed an instrument proficiency check by an armed force of [STATE] in the aircraft category for the instrument rating sought; and (2) Received authorisation from an armed force of [STATE] to conduct IFR flights on airways in that aircraft category and class for the instrument rating sought. (e) Aircraft type rating. The Authority will issue an aircraft type rating only for aircraft types that the Authority has certified for civil operations. (f) Aircraft type rating placed on an airline transport pilot licence. The Authority may issue to the holder of a military pilot licence ( or certificate) who holds an airline transport pilot licence an aircraft type rating provided that the pilot: |
