直升机飞行手册 Helicopter Flying Handbook

时间：2014-11-09 12:30来源：FAA 作者：直升机翻译 点击：次

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Straight-In Autorotation
A straight-in autorotation implies an autorotation from altitude with no turns. Winds have a great effect on an autorotation. Strong headwinds cause the glide angle to be steeper due to the slower groundspeed. For example, if the helicopter is maintaining 60 knots indicated airspeed and the wind speed is 15 knots, then the groundspeed is 45 knots. The angle of descent will be much steeper, although the rate of descent remains the same. The speed at touchdown and the resulting ground run depend on the groundspeed and amount of deceleration. The greater the degree of deceleration, or flare, and the longer it is held, the slower the touchdown speed and the shorter the ground run. Caution must be exercised at this point as the tail rotor will be the closest component of the helicopter to the ground. If timing is not correct and a landing attitude not set at the appropriate time, the tail rotor may contact the ground causing a forward pitching moment of the nose and possible damage to the helicopter.
A headwind is a contributing factor in accomplishing a slow touchdown from an autorotative descent and reduces the amount of deceleration required. The lower the speed desired at touchdown is, the more accurate the timing and speed of the flare must be, especially in helicopters with low-inertia rotor systems. If too much collective pitch is applied too early during the final stages of the autorotation, the kinetic energy may be depleted, resulting in little or no cushioning effect available. This could result in a hard landing with corresponding damage to the helicopter. It is generally better practice to accept more ground run than a hard landing with minimal groundspeed. As proficiency increases, the amount of ground run may be reduced.
Technique
Refer to Figure(position 1). From level flight at the appropriate airspeed (cruise or the manufacturer’s recommended airspeed), 500–700 feet above ground level (AGL), and heading into the wind, smoothly but firmly lower the collective pitch control to the full down position, maintaining rotor rpm in the green arc with collective. If the collective is in the full down position, the rotor rpm is then being controlled by the mechanical pitch stops. During maintenance, the rotor stops must be set to allow minimum autorotational rpm with a light loading. This means that some collective pitch adjustment can be made if the air density or helicopter loading changes. After entering an autorotation, collective pitch must be adjusted to maintain the desired rotor rpm.
Coordinate the collective movement with proper antitorque pedal for trim, and apply cyclic control to maintain proper airspeed. Once the collective is fully lowered, decrease throttle to ensure a clean split/separation of the needles. This means that the rotor rpm is higher than the engine rpm and a clear indication that the freewheeling unit has allowed the engine to disconnect. After splitting the needles, readjust the throttle to keep engine rpm above normal idling speed, but not high enough to cause rejoining of the needles. The manufacturer often recommends the proper rpm for that particular helicopter.
At position 2, adjust attitude with cyclic control to obtain the manufacturer’s recommended autorotation or best gliding speed. Adjust collective pitch control, as necessary, to maintain rotor rpm in the green arc. Aft cyclic movements cause an increase in rotor rpm, which is then controlled by a small increase in collective pitch control. Avoid a large collective pitch increase, which results in a rapid decay of rotor rpm, and leads to “chasing the rpm.” Avoid looking straight down in front of the aircraft. Continually crosscheck attitude, trim, rotor rpm, and airspeed.
At the altitude recommended by the manufacturer (position 3), begin the flare with aft cyclic control to reduce forward airspeed and decrease the rate of descent. Maintain heading with the antitorque pedals. During the flare maintain rotor rpm in the green range. Care must be taken in the execution of the flare so that the cyclic control is neither moved rearward so abruptly that it causes the helicopter to climb nor moved so slowly that it does not arrest the descent, which may allow the helicopter to settle so rapidly that the tail rotor strikes the ground. In most helicopters, the proper flare attitude is noticeable by an apparent groundspeed of a slow run. When forward motion decreases to the desired groundspeed, which is usually the lowest possible speed (position 4), move the cyclic control forward to place the helicopter in the proper attitude for landing.

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