直升机飞行手册 Helicopter Flying Handbook

时间：2014-11-09 12:30来源：FAA 作者：直升机翻译 点击：次

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Common Errors of Attitude Instrument Flying
Fixation
Fixation, or staring at one instrument, is a common error observed in pilots first learning to utilize instruments. The pilot may initially fixate on an instrument and make adjustments with reference to that instrument alone.
Omission
Another common error associated with attitude instrument flying is omission of an instrument from the cross-check. Pilots tend to omit the stand-by instruments, as well as the magnetic compass from their scans. The position of the instrument is often the reason for the omission. One of the most commonly omitted instruments from the scan is the slip/skid indicator.
Emphasis
In initial training, placing emphasis on a single instrument is very common and can become a habit if not corrected. When the importance of a single instrument is elevated above another, the pilot begins to rely solely on that instrument for guidance. When rolling out of a 180° turn, the attitude indicator, heading indicator, slip/skid indicator, and altimeter need to be referenced. If a pilot omits the slip/skid indicator, coordination is sacrificed.
Inadvertent Entry into IMC
Prior to any flight, day or night, an inadvertent IMC plan should be carefully planned and, if possible, rehearsed. Many aircraft mishaps can be blamed on the pilot’s inability to recover an aircraft after inadvertently entering IMC. The desire to stay outside visually is very strong and can only be overcome through training. IMC-trained helicopter pilots should climb to a safe altitude free of obstacles and obtain an instrument clearance from ATC. However, for the nonrated pilot and, more importantly, a non-IFR equipped helicopter, remaining VMC is critical. Pilots who are not trained in IMC have a tendency to try and chase favorable weather by flying just above the tree tops or following roads. The thought process is that as long as they can see what is below them, then they can fly to their intended destination. Experience shows us that continuing VFR flight in IMC is often fatal. Pilots get too fixated on what they see below them and fail to see what is ahead of them, such as power lines, towers, and taller trees. By the time the pilot sees the obstacle, it is too close to avoid collision. Helicopter pilots should always remain aware of flight visibility by comparing how much can be seen ahead. As soon as the pilot notices a marked decrease in visibility, that pilot must reevaluate the flight plan and landing options. A suitable landing area can always be used to sit out bad weather and let conditions improve.
When planning for a night flight, pilots should carefully plan the flight over navigable routes with sufficient check points to ensure clearance from obstructions. Descents should be planned over known and easily identifiable areas. Deteriorating weather is even harder to detect at night; therefore, pilots should constantly evaluate the weather throughout the flight. Below are some basic steps to help the pilot remain in VMC throughout the flight.
1. Come to a hover if able or begin very slow flight just above translational lift speeds and land at the nearest safe area.
2. Slowly turn around and proceed back to VMC weather or first safe landing area if the weather ahead becomes questionable.
3. Do not proceed further on a course when the terrain ahead is not clearly discernable.
4. Always have a safe landing area in mind for every flight and always be aware of the safe landing area’s location.
5. Study the route whenever possible before flying it and ensure to stay on course throughout the flight.
There are five basic steps that every pilot should be ultimately familiar with and should be executed immediately after inadvertently entering IMC.
1. Attitude—level the wings on the attitude indicator, both pitch and bank.
2. Heading—pick a heading that is known to be free of obstacles and maintain it. This may be 180° from your current heading.

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