直升机飞行手册 Helicopter Flying Handbook

时间：2014-11-09 12:30来源：FAA 作者：直升机翻译 点击：次

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. Aircraft identification and type
. Nature of the emergency
. Aviator’s desires
To reduce the chances of getting lost in the first place, use flight following when it is available, monitor checkpoints no more than 25 miles apart, keep navigation aids such as VORs tuned in, and maintain good situational awareness.
Getting lost is a potentially dangerous situation for any aircraft, especially when low on fuel. Due to the helicopter’s unique ability to land almost anywhere, pilots have more flexibility than other aircraft as to landing site. An inherent risk associated with being lost is waiting too long to land in a safe area. Helicopter pilots should land before fuel exhaustion occurs because maneuvering with low fuel levels could cause the engine to stop due to fuel starvation as fuel sloshes or flows away from the pickup port in the tank.
If lost and low on fuel, ALWAYS land with fuel on board to enable a safe landing. Preferably, land near a road or in an area allowing plenty of room for another helicopter to land in the same area safely. Having fuel delivered is a minor inconvenience when compared to a crash. Fuel on board after landing allows use of the radios as well as heat in colder climates.
Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear
Both Canada and Alaska require pilots to carry survival gear. Always carry survival gear when flying over rugged and desolate terrain. The items suggested in Figureare both weather and terrain dependent. The pilot also needs to consider how much storage space the helicopter has and how the equipment being carried affects the overall weight and balance of the helicopter.
Chapter Summary
Emergencies should always be anticipated. Knowledge of the helicopter, possible malfunctions and failures, and methods of recovery can help the pilot avoid accidents and be a safer pilot. Helicopter pilots should always expect the worse hazards and possible aerodynamic effects and plan for a safe exit path or procedure to compensate for the hazard.
EMERGENCY.EQUIPMENT.AND.SURVIVAL.GEAR
Food.cannot.be.subject.to.deterioration.due.to.heat.or.coldThere.should.be.at.least.10,000.calories.for.each.person.on.board,.and.it should.be.stored.in.a.sealed.waterproof.containerIt.should.have been.inspected.by.the.pilot.or.his.representative.within.the.previous 6.months,.and.bear.a.label.verifying.the.amount.and.satisfactory.condition.of.the.contents.
Cooking.utensils
A.portable.compass
A.flexible.saw.blade.or.equivalent.cutting.tool
Fishing.equipment,.including.still-fishing.bait.and.gill.net.with.not.more than.a.two-inch.mesh
A.signaling.mirror
A.sharp,.quality.jackknife.or.hunting.knife
Flashlight.with.spare.bulbs.and.batteries
Stove.with.fuel.or.a.self-contained.means.of.providing.heat.for.cooking
Additional.items.for.winter.operations:
Winter.sleeping.bags.for.all.persons.when.the.temperature.is.expected.to.be.below.7.°C
Two.pairs.of.snow.shoes
Spare.ax.handle
Ice.chisel
Snow.knife.or.saw.knife
Figure 11-14. Emergency equipment and survival gear.
This chapter is designed to enable a pilot to maintain control of the helicopter during a 180° turn in the case of an inadvertent encounter with instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). if equipped for IMC conditions. If not, the pilot should strictly maintain visual meteorological conditions (VMC) rather than penetrating clouds or fog and land as necessary.
Flight Instruments
Operational flight instruments free the pilot from the necessity of maintaining visual contact with the ground. When attitude instrument flying, it is crucial for the pilot to understand how a particular instrument or system functions, including its indications and limitations. It is also important for the pilot to ensure the helicopter’s instruments are operating properly prior to a flight.
A helicopter pilot can easily make a preliminary check of flight instruments at a hover prior to departing on a flight. For example, as collective is increased, the altimeter indicates a decrease in altitude by about 20 feet for most helicopters. This decrease is due to the increase in air pressure between the main rotor and the ground (ground effect). As the helicopter rises to a hover, the altimeter usually recovers to indicate field elevation.

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