直升机飞行员手册直升机操作手册 The Helicopter Pilot’s Handbook

时间：2011-04-05 11:37来源：蓝天飞行翻译 作者：航空 点击：次

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For Initial Attack, you will typically be teamed up with three or four firefighters and their associated gear, which will fill every available hole in the cabin and baggage compartments. You will need enough fuel to get them to the spot and be useful while you're there, and get them back again, so, on the way, take note of the nearest airfield or refuelling spot. If the fire gets big enough, they may well bring fuel down in drums, but by that time the bombers could well be there anyway and you will be sent off to another one. Your task, as an initial attack team, is just to stamp on a fire just starting, but you could well be involved in just slowing it down around people or property. You will get your instructions from the bird dog if it arrives before you get there (directions are given with reference to the head or tail of the fire, which are the downwind and upwind ends, respectively. Left and right flanks are counted from the tail to the head).
Once a fire has been detected, it will be allocated a number. When it gets beyond a certain size and becomes part of a more serious effort, it will also get its own traffic frequency, as mentioned above, which should be used by all aircraft entering or leaving, once the bird dog has left for greater things.
Anyhow, picking up water in single-engined helicopters beyond gliding distance from shore has the usual problems, plus possible disorientation if you go too far in. Fast moving streams don’t help, making you feel as if you were moving the wrong way, so it’s best to find a calm area, as otherwise you will have to move the helicopter to keep up with the water, ending up in a fast taxi unawares – always face the flow of the stream. Approach the water with some forward speed so the bucket tips over and starts to fill as you progress, as it has a tendency to drift forward otherwise. Get into a low hover, which will help push it under, and lift it mostly out. If you're heavy (i.e. with a lot of fuel), keep the power on and pull the bucket forward in one smooth movement, using translational lift to get airborne. You will find that the wind direction is critical.
Be careful if you're longlining with a bucket, as the connector plug for the release is difficult to see and might go under water where it shorts out. Longlining would be used where the trees are very tall and there is no water for the hoses nearby—the team will have a small relay tank for you to fill. In fact, this is increasingly becoming popular, as ground-directed water is more effective than that from the air.
When actually bombing, there is about a second's delay between pressing the button and the liquid reaching its target, and pulling up before doing so will help stop the bucket swinging and making you miss in high winds, aside from punching it into the target. Although there is a risk of fanning the flames, you do need to get
low over the fire, and preferably slow (below 50 kts), as a good dousing will do most to kill them – otherwise, evaporation will take its toll on whatever is dropped, ensuring that only so much of it is actually effective, and raising the humidity. Hovering is not recommended, as your downwash may not only fan the fire (even up to twice tree height), but also blow up ash and produce a

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