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直升机飞行员手册 直升机操作手册 The Helicopter Pilot’s Handbook

时间:2011-04-05 11:37来源:蓝天飞行翻译 作者:航空 点击:

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The correction can be done simply by holding the cyclic slightly offset from its central position. Other ways include offsetting the mast or the engine, rigging the controls, or causing the disc to tilt when the collective is raised. None, however, eliminate it completely.
Tail rotor drift is why the helicopter will go one way or the other (depending on which way the blades go round) when the engine fails in the hover. It is also why, when slinging, you need a clear space on that side so you can go there safely, and the ground crew need to be taught to go the opposite way.
Disc Loading is calculated in lbs/square foot and is obtained by dividing thrust by the disk area. It doesn't change by adding more blades, or widening the existing ones. Instead, the blade loading is lowered.

Tail Rotor Roll
If the tail rotor is below the level of the main rotor, the drift mentioned above will cause a couple with the tail rotor thrust going the other way, causing one or other of the skids to be lower in the hover, depending on the blade rotation (it's the left one with North American rotation, that is, anticlockwise as viewed from the top). It is therefore totally normal for one skid to be lower than the other, unless you've left the refuelling hose in (actually, this characteristic is quite useful when landing on sloping ground, as long as the slope goes with the skids).
To combat this, you could raise the tail rotor on a boom or lower the rotor head, as is done with the Brantly, but the C of G position could screw that up anyway.

Rotor Systems

Three or more blades require a fully articulated rotor, which essentially allows all of them to move in their various planes independently of each other. This adds complexity and expense to the design, however.
A semi rigid rotor has the blades fixed with regard to feathering, but they can flap up and down because the whole head is allowed to teeter, like a seesaw.
A rigid rotor only allows feathering, but the blades are more flexible towards their ends, so they bend when absorbing the forces of flight, producing the same effect as flapping and dragging hinges, but removed from the root. This is why some helicopters have mast torque gauges to measure the bending of the mast.

In flight
In the hover, other things being equal, the lift vector acts directly upwards:


When you tilt the disc forward, the lift vector is reduced, because some of it is diverted towards the direction selected: The resultant (i.e. the diagonal line drawn across the two vectors) is where the main force finally ends up.

The tangential velocity is the speed of the blades' rotation. It increases with distance away from the hub, until it finally becomes a tangent to the edge of the disc, hence the name:
Combined with the downwash velocity, you end up with a resultant corresponding with the blade's actual speed and path, or the relative wind (although its name suggests otherwise, the downwash component moves upwards).

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