时间：2011-04-18 00:52来源：蓝天飞行翻译 作者：航空 点击：次
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1.Astronomical data for the determination of Moon rise and set and Moon phase may be obtained from the United States Naval Observatory using an interactive query available at: http://aa.usno.navy.mil/ 2.Click on “Data Services,” and then on “Complete Sun and Moon Data for One Day.” 3.You can obtain the times of sunrise, sunset, moonrise, moonset, transits of the Sun and Moon, and the beginning and end of civil twilight, along with information on the Moon’s phase by specifying the date and location in one of the two forms on this web page and clicking on the “Get data” button at the end of the form. Form “A” is used for cities or towns in the U.S. or its territories. Form “B” for all other locations. An example of the data available from this site is shown in TBL 10.2.2. 4. Additionally, a yearly table may be constructed for a particular location by using the “Table of Sunrise/Sunset, Moonrise/Moonset, or Twilight Times for an Entire Year” selection. TBL 10.2.2 Sample of Astronomical Data Available from the Naval Observatory The following information is provided for New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Louisiana (longitude W90.1, latitude N30.0)Tuesday 29 May 2007 Central Daylight Time SUN Begin civil twilight 5:34 a.m. Sunrise 6:01 a.m. Sun transit 12:58 p.m. Sunset 7:55 p.m. End civil twilight 8:22 p.m. MOON Moonrise 5:10 p.m. on preceding day Moonset 4:07 a.m. Moonrise 6:06 p.m. Moon transit 11:26 p.m. Moonset 4:41 a.m. on following day Phase of the Moon on 29 May: waxing gibbous with 95% of the Moon’s visible disk illuminated. Full Moon on 31 May 2007 at 8:04 p.m. Central Daylight Time. 10.2.3. Landing Zone Safety a. This information is provided for use by helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) pilots, program managers, medical personnel, law enforcement, fire, and rescue personnel to further their understanding of the safety issues concerning Landing Zones (LZs). It is recommended that HEMS operators establish working relationships with the ground responder organizations they may come in contact with in their flight operations and share this information in order to establish a common frame of reference for LZ selection, operations, and safety. 10.2.10 Special Operations b.The information provided is largely based on the booklet, LZ . Preparing the Landing Zone, issued by National Emergency Medical Services Pilots Association (NEMSPA), and the guidance developed by the University of Tennessee Medical Center’s LIFESTAR program, and is used with their permission. For additional information, go to http://www.nemspa.org/. c.Information concerning the estimation of wind velocity is based on the Beaufort Scale. See http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/beaufort.html for more information. d. Selecting a Scene LZ 1. If the situation requires the use of a helicopter, first check to see if there is an area large enough to land a helicopter safely. FIG 10.2.4 Recommended Minimum Landing Zone Dimensions (a)Small Helicopter: Bell 206/407, Euro-copter AS.350/355, BO.105, BK.117. (b)Medium Helicopter: Bell UH.1 (Huey) and derivatives (Bell 212/412), Bell 222/230/430 Sikorsky S.76, Eurocopter SA.365. (c)Large Helicopter: Boeing Chinook, Eurocopter Puma, Sikorsky H.60 series (Blackhawk), SK.92. 3.The LZ should be level, firm and free of loose debris that could possibly blow up into the rotor system. 4.The LZ should be clear of people, vehicles and obstructions such as trees, poles and wires. Remember that wires are difficult to see from the air. The LZ must also be free of stumps, brush, post and large rocks. See FIG 10.2.5. FIG 10.2.5 Landing Zone Hazards 5.Keep spectators back at least 200 feet. Keep emergency vehicles 100 feet away and have fire equipment (if available) standing by. Ground personnel should wear eye protection, if available, during landing and takeoff operations. To avoid loose objects being blown around in the LZ, hats should be removed; if helmets are worn, chin straps must be securely fastened. 6.Fire fighters (if available) should wet down the LZ if it is extremely dusty. Special Operations 10.2.11 e. Helping the Flightcrew Locate the Scene 1.If the LZ coordinator has access to a GPS unit, the exact latitude and longitude of the LZ should be relayed to the HEMS pilot. If unable to contact the pilot directly, relay the information to the HEMS ground communications specialist for relaying to the pilot, so that they may locate your scene more efficiently. Recognize that the aircraft may approach from a direction different than the direct path from the takeoff point to the scene, as the pilot may have to detour around terrain, obstructions or weather en route. 2.Especially in daylight hours, mountainous and densely populated areas can make sighting a scene from the air difficult. Often, the LZ coordinator on the ground will be asked if she or he can see or hear the helicopter. 3.Flightcrews use a clock reference method for directing one another’s attention to a certain direction from the aircraft. The nose of the aircraft is always 12 o’clock, the right side is 3 o’clock, etc. When the LZ coordinator sees the aircraft, he/she should use this method to assist the flightcrew by indicating the scene’s clock reference position from the nose of the aircraft. For example, “Accident scene is located at your 2 o’clock position.” See FIG 10.2.6. |
