时间：2011-04-18 00:52来源：蓝天飞行翻译 作者：航空 点击：次
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1. The large number (over 300) of waypoints in the grid system makes it difficult to assign phonetically pronounceable names to the waypoints that would be meaningful to pilots and controllers. A unique naming system was adopted that enables pilots and controllers to derive the fix position from the name. The five.letter names are derived as follows: (a) The waypoints are divided into sets of 3 columns each. A three.letter identifier, identifying a geographical area or a NAVAID to the north, represents each set. (b)Each column in a set is named after its position, i.e., left (L), center (C), and right (R). (c)The rows of the grid are named alphabetically from north to south, starting with A for the northern most row. EXAMPLE. LCHRC would be pronounced “Lake Charles Romeo Charlie.” The waypoint is in the right.hand column of the Lake Charles VOR set, in row C (third south from the northern most row). 2.Since the grid system’s implementation, IFR delays (frequently over 1 hour in length) for operations in this environment have been effectively eliminated. The comfort level of the pilots, knowing that they will be given a clearance quickly, plus the mileage savings in this near free.flight environment, is allowing the operators to carry less fuel. Less fuel means they can transport additional passengers, which is a substantial fiscal and operational benefit, considering the limited seating on board helicopters. 3.There are 3 requirements for operators to meet before filing IFR flight plans utilizing the grid: (a)The helicopter must be IFR certified and equipped with IFR certified TSO C.129 GPS navigational units. (b)The operator must obtain prior written approval from the appropriate Flight Standards District Office through a Certificate of Authorization or revision to their Operations Specifications, as appropriate. (c)The operator must be a signatory to the Houston ARTCC Letter of Agreement. 4. FAA/NACO publishes the grid system waypoints on the IFR Gulf of Mexico Vertical Flight Reference Chart. A commercial equivalent is also available. The chart is updated annually and is available from a FAA chart agent or FAA directly, web site address: http://www.naco.faa.gov. 10.1.6 Helicopter IFR Operations Section 2. Special Operations 10.2.1. Offshore Helicopter Operations a. Introduction The offshore environment offers unique applications and challenges for helicopter pilots. The mission demands, the nature of oil and gas exploration and production facilities, and the flight environment (weather, terrain, obstacles, traffic), demand special practices, techniques and procedures not found in other flight operations. Several industry organizations have risen to the task of reducing risks in offshore operations, including the Heli-copter Safety Advisory Conference (HSAC) (http://www.hsac.org), and the Offshore Committee of the Helicopter Association International (HAI) (http://www.rotor.com). The following recommended practices for offshore helicopter operations are based on guidance developed by HSAC for use in the Gulf of Mexico, and provided here with their permission. While not regulatory, these recommended practices provide aviation and oil and gas industry operators with useful information in developing procedures to avoid certain hazards of offshore helicopter opera-tions. NOTE. Like all aviation practices, these recommended practices are under constant review. In addition to normal procedures for comments, suggested changes, or correc-tions to the AIM (contained in the Preface), any questions or feedback concerning these recommended procedures may also be directed to the HSAC through the feedback feature of the HSAC web site (http://www.hsac.org). b. Passenger Management on and about Heliport Facilities 1. Background. Several incidents involving offshore helicopter passengers have highlighted the potential for incidents and accidents on and about the heliport area. The following practices will minimize risks to passengers and others involved in heliport operations. 2. Recommended Practices (a) Heliport facilities should have a desig-nated and posted passenger waiting area which is clear of the heliport, heliport access points, and stairways. (b)Arriving passengers and cargo should be unloaded and cleared from the heliport and access route prior to loading departing passengers and cargo. (c)Where a flight crew consists of more than one pilot, one crewmember should supervise the unloading/loading process from outside the aircraft. (d)Where practical, a designated facility employee should assist with loading/unloading, etc. c.Crane.Helicopter Operational Procedures 1.Background. Historical experience has shown that catastrophic consequences can occur when industry safe practices for crane/helicopter operations are not observed. The following recom-mended practices are designed to minimize risks during crane and helicopter operations. 2.Recommended Practices (a)Personnel awareness (1)Crane operators and pilots should develop a mutual understanding and respect of the others’ operational limitations and cooperate in the spirit of safety; (2)Pilots need to be aware that crane operators sometimes cannot release the load to cradle the crane boom, such as when attached to wire line lubricators or supporting diving bells; and (3)Crane operators need to be aware that helicopters require warm up before takeoff, a two.minute cool down before shutdown, and cannot circle for extended lengths of time because of fuel consumption. (b)It is recommended that when helicopters are approaching, maneuvering, taking off, or running on the heliport, cranes be shutdown and the operator leave the cab. Cranes not in use shall have their booms cradled, if feasible. If in use, the crane’s boom(s) are to be pointed away from the heliport and the crane shutdown for helicopter operations. (c)Pilots will not approach, land on, takeoff, or have rotor blades turning on heliports of structures not complying with the above practice. Special Operations 10.2.1 (d)It is recommended that cranes on offshore platforms, rigs, vessels, or any other facility, which could interfere with helicopter operations (including approach/departure paths): |
