时间：2011-11-08 20:34来源：蓝天飞行翻译 作者：航空 点击：次
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A number of methods have been used in developing and presenting good programmed instructional materials. One of the most accepted systems is based on rewarding students for accurate performance (reinforcement). In ideal programmed instruction, students cannot make an error. Linear-programmed material is itemized and presented in small steps. Students are prompted, or cued, as necessary, so they almost invariably give a correct response. Materials are carefully designed to offer as much review as needed to insure the degree of retention appropriate to the subject matter, the learning situation, and the needs of the students. Students respond to a frame (the printed matter for one step or increment of instruction) usually by writing words into spaces provided for that purpose. After completing their response to a frame, students immediately confirm the correctness of their response by comparing it to the programmed answer before continuing to the next frame. In this manner, students progress smoothly, with a continuous satisfaction in being correct. 3.7 INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS In the classroom, instructors can use instructional aids to improve communication between themselves and their students. Instructional aids may be sight and/or sound devices, which are intended to support, supplement, or reinforce. To plan for the use of aids, it is helpful to understand some of the reasons for using them, and guidelines for their use. It also is helpful to be familiar with different types of aids. 3.7.1 Reasons for use of instructional aids |
