直升机教员手册 Helicopter Instructor’s Handbook
时间：2014-11-10 08:35来源：FAA 作者：直升机翻译 点击：次
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To view this page ensure that Adobe Flash Player version 9.0.124 or greater is installed. Pinnacle Takeoff and Climb The terrain features affecting a pinnacle takeoff and a plan to cope with the situation should be formulated on the reconnaissance that precedes the landing. A change in wind, temperature, or takeoff weight may make it necessary to consider obstacles that were not a factor on the previously planned departure. To build the habit and to be certain that all items are being considered, the student should be required to review and describe the factors affecting the takeoff. Instructional Points A pinnacle takeoff is an “airspeed over altitude” takeoff made from the ground or from a hover. Since pinnacles and ridgelines are generally higher than the immediate surrounding terrain, gaining airspeed on the takeoff is more important than gaining altitude. Quickly gaining airspeeds above ETL also allows greater separation from hazardous terrain. In addition to covering unfavorable terrain rapidly, a higher airspeed affords a more favorable glide angle, and thus contributes to the chances of reaching a safe area in the event of a forced landing. If a suitable forced landing area is not available, a higher airspeed also permits a more effective deceleration prior to making an autorotative landing. As the helicopter moves out of ground effect on takeoff, maintain altitude and accelerate to normal climb speed. When normal climb speed is attained, establish a normal climb altitude. Never dive the helicopter down the slope after clearing the pinnacle. Common Student Difficulties Planning Failure to consider all factors involved in the takeoff and climb, or failure to take advantage of wind, the lowest obstacle, and favorable terrain are items that may need to be discussed frequently. Anything the instructor notices that could enhance the margin of safety of this or any other operation helps build the safety consciousness of the student. RPM As the helicopter leaves the pinnacle, ground effect is lost almost immediately. The student may increase collective beyond the capability of the engine to maintain rpm, especially at high density altitudes. This possibility should be discussed prior to takeoff and watched carefully during the takeoff. Airspeed The helicopter will be at altitude as soon as departing the pinnacle. The student should be instructed to gain airspeed rather than try to climb away from the pinnacle. Night Flying Night flying introduces a new environment to the student and must be preceded by thorough preparation. Briefing for the first night flight should include, but is not limited to, the following items: 1. Equipment required for night flight 2. Airport and heliport lighting 3. Night flying physiology 4. Physiology of the eye 5. Weather considerations 6. Night flying techniques 7. Light discipline The student’s first night flight can be conducted at dusk so visual impressions are introduced gradually and adaptation to the night environment is accomplished over a period of time rather than instantaneously. [Figure 11-11] The regulations now require a night cross-country aeronautical experience for both private and commercial pilot applicants. The instructor needs to teach the student light discipline starting with the first night flight. As dusk wanes, it will be darker on the ground sooner, so night hovering could be the first task. Hovering should be accomplished with and without the landing light. In many cases at a lighted airport, hovering without the landing light can allow more visual clues as the eyes adjust to the ambient lighting conditions. Common Student Difficulties Takeoff Attitude control problems during the takeoff and climb to 500 feet above the ground may be caused by several factors. Initially, the student might be tempted to look at reference points that are too close to the helicopter, focusing on things that can still be seen clearly. When airborne, a reference well in front of the helicopter should be used for attitude control. During the initial departure from a lighted area into the darkness beyond, it is necessary to refer to the airspeed indicator and altimeter frequently in order to confirm the desired attitude. Airborne Following the first night takeoff, spend a few minutes away from the traffic pattern in a poorly lighted area. This allows the student to relax and become acclimated to the night environment and gain confidence in the ability to maintain flight with minimal visual references. During this time, other aircraft should be pointed out so the student can relate to the appearance of their lights to their apparent motion. Approach The standard traffic pattern should be used for training in night approaches. Particular attention should be paid to attitude control, to assist in visualizing the correct approach angle. Since in-depth perception is more difficult at night, the approach angle is especially important. Landings should be practiced with and without the use of the landing light. If the landing light is used, it should be used only on the final leg, preferably during the last 100 feet or so of descent. The student must be cautioned not to concentrate only on the area illuminated by the landing light, but rather to look ahead a bit for better attitude control and depth perception. Becoming fixated on the landing light can cause the student to misjudge the landing point and result in a hard landing. Instructional Points When discussing lighting, explain to the student the effects lighting has on the eye. During the first flight, continually adjust the cockpit lighting to the lowest level that instrumentation can still be seen. This allows the student to better adapt his night vision. On the subsequent night flight (with the aircraft on the ground in a dark location), again dim the cockpit lighting to the lowest comfortable level instrumentation can be seen. Have the student identify objects outside the aircraft. Next, turn the lights all the way up and have the student attempt to reacquire those same outside objects. Undoubtedly, this demonstrates the importance of dimming cockpit lights. To further the student’s understanding, discuss that helicopters frequently are asked to fly at night into unlit locations. The importance of dim cockpit lighting is reinforced with this demonstration. |
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