直升机教员手册 Helicopter Instructor’s Handbook
时间：2014-11-10 08:35来源：FAA 作者：直升机翻译 点击：次
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To view this page ensure that Adobe Flash Player version 9.0.124 or greater is installed. 4. The windshield is subject to icing on the exterior and fogging on the interior from the crew and occupants breathing. Rarely do helicopters have windshield anti-icing or deicing certification. Carburetor Icing Carburetor icing can occur during any phase of flight, and it is particularly dangerous when you are using reduced power, such as during a descent. Explain that the pilot may not notice it during the descent until trying to add power. Teach the student about the possible indications of carburetor icing: decrease in engine rpm or manifold pressure, the carburetor air temperature gauge indicating a temperature outside the safe operating range, and engine roughness. Because changes in rpm or manifold pressure can occur for a number of reasons, closely check the carburetor air temperature gauge when in possible carburetor icing conditions. Show the student that the carburetor air temperature gauges are marked with either a yellow or green caution operating arc. Instructors should refer the student to the FAA-Approved RFM for the specific procedure regarding when and how to apply carburetor heat. In most cases, you should keep the needle out of the yellow arc or in the green arc. This is accomplished by using a carburetor heat system, which eliminates the ice by routing air across a heat source, such as an exhaust manifold, before it enters the carburetor. Preflight and Deicing Instructors should stress the importance of checking for fuselage and component icing when doing the preflight with the student. Rotorblades, pitot tubes, and engine parts are all susceptible to icing and should be checked thoroughly before starting the helicopter. Explain that de-icing is the process of removing frozen contaminant, snow, ice, slush, from a surface. Deicing of the helicopter fuselage and rotor blades is critical prior to starting. If possible, show the student a helicopter that has been sheltered from the elements and then compare it to one that has not. Helicopters that are unsheltered by hangars are subject to frost, snow, freezing drizzle, and freezing rain all of which can cause icing of rotor blades and fuselages, rendering them unairworthy until cleaned. Asymmetrical shedding of ice from the blades can lead to component failure and shedding ice can be dangerous because it could hit any structures or people that are around the helicopter. The tail rotor is vulnerable to shedding ice damage. Thorough preflight checks should be made before starting the rotor blades. If any ice was removed prior to starting, ensure that the flight controls move freely. While inflight, deicing systems (i.e., helicopters so equipped) should be activated immediately after entry into an icing condition. Instructor Tips . Always supervise the student when first introduced to the helicopter. [Figure 5-31] . Point out to the student the danger areas and the sharp portions of the helicopter. . Show the student the “No Step” areas, if present. . Allow the student to touch each component of the helicopter as it introduced and say the name of the part. On the next preflight, the student should begin to describe the function of each part, and on every preflight after that, the student should be asked the next component or components in order of the checklist until the student has learned the functions of each component of that specific helicopter. . If appropriate, tell the student well ahead of time what will be covered during the next lesson and what the student should study or reference. The student should always be briefed in a quiet area so there are no distractions that can take their attention away from the discussion. Chapter Summary The components, sections, and systems that were covered in this chapter were described so you as the instructor can convey this information to your student. This is your guide to further create a lesson plan and teach the student the “whys” of the helicopter components, sections, and systems. What was not covered in this chapter was the responsibility of the instructor to also introduce the student to the helicopter’s service reports, what they mean, and how to obtain them. Introducing the Manual When introducing the manual for a particular helicopter, a good place to begin is the certification basis of the helicopter as defined by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 27, Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft, or Part 29, Airworthiness Standards: Transport category rotorcraft. The certification establishes the framework for development of the helicopter itself as well as the performance requirements for that certification level. Another method for introducing the RFM to a student is to review the manual section by section. Discuss the information contained in each section and why that information is important to a pilot. Explain that some manufacturers use the title Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH). If POH is used, the title page must include a statement to the effect that the document is a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) approved RFM. Emphasis must be placed on the fact that no two RFMs are exactly alike. Explain to the student that although the manual format is standardized for the make and model of an aircraft, some of the information contained therein relates to a specific aircraft. The title page indicates the registration number and serial number of the aircraft to which the manual applies. Ensure the student understands that an after-market POH does not meet the requirements of the RFM. Another piece of information to include would be the subject of supplements to the RFM. Students need to be advised of the need for RFM supplements when equipment not included in the type certificate data sheet (TCDS) is installed into the aircraft. The supplement often changes procedures and limitations stated in the RFM and would be more restrictive than the more general factory information. The TCDS is a formal description of the aircraft, engine, or propeller. It lists limitations and information required for type certification, including airspeed limits, weight limits, thrust limitations, etc. Assist the student in finding the TCDS on the FAA website and show the student the basis for the building of that helicopter and where the limitations are stated. [Figure 6-2] |
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