直升机教员手册 Helicopter Instructor’s Handbook
时间：2014-11-10 08:35来源：FAA 作者：直升机翻译 点击：次
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To view this page ensure that Adobe Flash Player version 9.0.124 or greater is installed. An instructor must develop the student’s awareness of and teach the students how to avoid operational pitfalls by ensuring effective ADM training is given. [Figure 17-9] Instructor Tips . NTSB accident records offer many accident/incident reports that can be tailored to test the student’s ADM knowledge. . A student will attempt to imitate instructor actions. Do not take shortcuts. Instill safety from the first day. . Questions or situations posed by the instructor must be open ended (rather than requiring only rote or one-line responses). Chapter Summary This chapter provided the flight instructor with a review of ADM and SRM. It also offered recommendations on how ADM and SRM can be integrated into training Absolute altitude. The actual distance an object is above the ground. AD. See Airworthiness Directive. Advancing blade. The blade moving in the same direction as the helicopter. In rotorcraft that have counterclockwise main rotor blade rotation as viewed from above, the advancing blade is in the right half of the rotor disk area during forward movement. Agonic line. A line along which there is no magnetic variation. Air density. The density of the air in terms of mass per unit volume. Dense air contains more molecules per unit volume than less dense air. The density of air decreases with altitude above the surface of the earth and with increasing temperature. Aircraft pitch. The movement of an aircraft about its lateral, or pitch, axis. Movement of the cyclic forward or aft causes the nose of the helicopter to pitch up or down. Aircraft roll. The movement of the aircraft about its longitudinal, or roll, axis. Movement of the cyclic right or left causes the helicopter to tilt in that direction. Airfoil. Any surface designed to obtain a useful reaction of lift, or negative lift, as it moves through the air. Airworthiness Directive (AD). A document issued by the FAA to notify concerned parties of an unsafe condition in an aircraft and to describe the appropriate corrective action. Altimeter. An instrument that indicates flight altitude by sensing pressure changes and displaying altitude in feet or meters. Angle of attack. The angle between an airfoil’s chord line and the relative wind. Antitorque pedal. The pedal used to control the pitch of the tail rotor or air diffuser in a NOTAR. system. Antitorque rotor. See tail rotor. Articulated rotor. A rotor system in which each of the blades is connected to the rotor hub in such a way that it is free to change its pitch angle, and move up and down and fore and aft in its plane of rotation. Autopilot. Those units and components that furnish a means of automatically controlling the aircraft. Autorotation. The condition of flight during which the main rotor is driven only by aerodynamic forces with no power from the engine. Axis of rotation. The imaginary line about which the rotor rotates. It is represented by a line drawn through the center of, and perpendicular to, the tip-path plane. Basic empty weight. The weight of the standard rotorcraft, operational equipment, unusable fuel, and full operating fluids, including full engine oil. Blade coning. An upward sweep of rotor blades, resulting from a combination of lift and centrifugal force. Blade damper. A device attached to the drag hinge to restrain the fore and aft movement of the rotor blade. Blade feather or feathering. The rotation of the blade around the spanwise (pitch change) axis. Blade flap. Rotor blade movement in a vertical direction. Blades may flap independently or in unison. Blade grip. The part of the hub assembly to which the rotor blades are attached, sometimes referred to as blade forks. Blade lead or lag. The fore and aft movement of the blade in the plane of rotation. It is sometimes called hunting or dragging. Blade loading. The load imposed on rotor blades, determined by dividing the total weight of the helicopter by the combined area of all the rotor blades. Blade root. The part of the blade that attaches to the blade grip. Blade span. The length of a blade from its tip to its root. Blade stall. The condition of the rotor blade when it is operating at an angle of attack greater than the maximum angle of lift. Blade tip. The farthermost part of the blade from the hub of the rotor. Blade track. The relationship of the blade tips in the plane of rotation. Blades that are in track will move through the same plane of rotation. Blade tracking. The mechanical procedure used to bring the blades of the rotor into a satisfactory relationship with each other under dynamic conditions so that all blades rotate on a common plane. Blade twist. The variation in the angle of incidence of a blade between the root and the tip. Blowback. The tendency of the rotor disk to tilt aft in forward flight as a result of flapping. Calibrated airspeed (CAS). The indicated airspeed of an aircraft, corrected for installation and instrumentation errors. Center of gravity. The theoretical point where the entire weight of the helicopter is considered to be concentrated. Center of pressure. The point where the resultant of all the aerodynamic forces acting on an airfoil intersects the chord. Centrifugal force. The apparent force that an object moving along a circular path exerts on the body constraining the object and that acts outwardly away from the center of rotation. Centripetal force. The force that attracts a body toward its axis of rotation. It is opposite centrifugal force. Chip detector. A warning device that alerts you to any abnormal wear in a transmission or engine. It consists of a magnetic plug located within the transmission. The magnet attracts any ferrous metal particles that have come loose from the bearings or other transmission parts. Most chip detectors have warning lights located on the instrument panel that illuminate when metal particles are picked up. |
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